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 MIL-HDBK-419A
Seasonal freezing accounts for a reduced conductivity as illustrated in Table 2-10. If frozen soil or earth has a
low conductivity, then providing larger effective electrodes will reduce the ground resistance. In northern
arctic areas generally having very shallow surface thaw layers, horizontal rods or wires might be easier to
install than driven rods and still provide optimum resistance values to earth or ground. Whether to install
multiple electrodes or single deep, driven rods, or horizontal wires, the decision will usually be dependent on
soil types and the economics of placement.
Figure 2-29. Typical Sections Through Ground Containing Permafrost
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