Wood Protection

• Wood Protection
• Distribution
• Foreword
• Abstract
• Change Control Sheet
• Table of Contents
• Table of Contents -Cont.
• Table of Contents -Cont.
• Table of Contents -Cont.
• Table of Contents -Cont.
• Table of Contents -Cont.
• Table of Contents -Cont.
• Figures
• Figures -Cont.
• Figures -Cont.
• Figures -Cont.
• Tables
• Chapter 1. Introduction
• Chapter 2. Wood As A Construction Material
• Figure 2-1. Section of Mature Southern Pine Tree Showing Gross Wood Structure
• Growth Increments
• Figure 2-2 Early (Light Colored) and Latewood (Dark Colored) in Both Edge and Flat Grain Samples of Southern Pine
• Grain (Planes Or Surfaces)
• Figure 2-3 Cross-Sections Showing (a) A Ring Porous Wood, Elm, (b) A Diffuse Porous Wood
• Figure 2-4. Radial Surface Showing Wood Rays
• Sapwood And Heartwood
• Figure 2-5 Interlocked Grain and Characteristic Checking Pattern in a Gum Railroad Tie
• Cell Types
• Figure 2-6. Three Dimensional View of Pine Showing Earlywood and Latewood, Tracheids and One Resin Canal
• Figure 2-7. Large Resin Canals (Top Arrows) on the Side and End Grain of Sugar Pine and One Growth Increment (Bottom Arrow)
• Figure 2-8. Three Dimensional View of Oak Showing Vessels or Pores, Fibers, Parenchyma and Ray Cells
• Chemical Composition
• Table 2-1. Comparative Decay Resistance of the Heartwood of Some Common Species
• Density And Specific Gravity
• Table 2-2. Specific Gravity and Shrinkage Values from Green to Six and Twenty Percent Moisture Content for Selected Domestic Species
• Table 2-3. Classification of Species with Respect to Heartwood Permeability
• Figure 2-9 Heartwood Perneability of Douglas-Fir
• Equilibrium Moisture Content
• Table 2-4. Recommended Moisture Content Values for Wood at Time of Installation
• Figure 2-10. Various Types of Warp
• Wood Drying Process
• Tensile Strength
• Figure 2-11. Modulus of Elasticity at 12% Moisture Content
• Figure 2-12.Modulus of Rupture at 12% Moisture Content
• Figure 2-13. Shear Strength at 12% Moisture Content
• Strength Affecting Characteristics
• Figure 2-14 Juvenile Wood with Cross Grain Checking and Compression Wood in Ponderosa Pine
• Figure 2-15. "Shelling" from Compression Wood in a Southern Pine Utility Pole
• Anatomical Disruptions
• Cross Break
• Chapter 3. Wood Identification
• Chapter 3. Wood Identification -Cont.
• Figure 3-1. Douglas-Fir, Southern Yellow Pine, Western Hemlock, and White Fir (from left to right) are Four Major Softwood Species
• Figure 3-2. White Oak, Red Oak, Sweetgum and Black Gum (from left to right) are Four Major Hardwood Species
• Species Descriptions Detailed
• Western Hemlock
• Southern Yellow Pine
• White Oak
• Black Gum or Black Tupelo
• Chapter 4. Wood Deterioration
• Table 4-1 Comparison of Characteristics of Brown , Soft and White Rots
• Table 4-2. Comparison Of Characteristics for Termites and Carpenter Ants
• Table 4-3. Summary Table of Exit/Entry Hole Size
• Table 4-4 Comparison of Characteristics of Marine Borers
• Figure 4-1. Bacterial Damage in Sapwood Cut From Untreated White Pine (Left)
• Sapstains
• Figure 4-2. Surface Mold on Sweetgum Veneer
• Figure 4-3. Sapstain in a Cross Section of Pine
• In Manufactured Products
• Figure 4-4. Interior Oxidation or Chemical Stain of Yellow Poplar
• Figure 4-5. When Wet Wood is Probed with a Pick or Comparable Tool, it Tends to Lift Out as a Long Sliver
• FIgure 4-6. Early Stage of Brown Rot Showing Discoloration on Side Grain (top right)
• Figure 4-7. Discoloration from White Rot on End Grain
• In Trees
• Figure 4-8. Typical Surface Checking of Soft-Rotted Wood when Dry
• Figure 4-9. White Pocket Rot in Douglas-Fir
• Figure 4-10. Brown Pocket Rot in Western Red Cedar
• Subterranean Termites
• Figure 4-11. Range Map for Subterranean (A) and Drywood (B) Termites
• Figure 4-12. Termite Damaged Wood Showing the Insects' Preference for the Softer Earlywood
• Figure 4-13. Winged Subterranean Termite Swarmers
• Formosan
• Figure 4-14. Subterranean Termite Shelter Tubes on the Interior Foundation Wall of a Crawl Space Type House
• Figure 4-15. Subterranean Termite Workers
• Figure 4-16. Hazard Regions for Subterranean Termites
• Figure 4-17. Head of Native Subterranean Soldier (A) and a Formosan Subterranean Soldier (B)
• Drywood Termites
• Figure 4-18. Drywood Termite Damage Showing Round "Kick Holes"
• Dampwood Termites
• Figure 4-19. Major Differences between Ants and Termites include Waist and Wing Size
• Figure 4-20. Carpenter Ant Damage to Douglas-Fir Showing Preference for Earlywood
• Powder Post and Other Wood Boring Beetles
• Classifications
• Figure 4-21. Anobiid Damage Showing Insect Exit Holes
• Cerambycids
• Figure 4-22. Ash Shovel Handle Damaged by Lyctid Beetles
• Figure 4-23. Bostrichid Damage in Hardwood
• Figure 4-24. Cerambycid (Long-Homed Beetle or Round-Headed Wood Borer) Damage to Ash Showing the Tightly Packed
• Cerambycids -Cont.
• Curculionids
• Figure 4-25. Buprestid or Flat-Headed Borer Damage to a Softwood Showing Rectangular Shaped Tunnels Cut
• Figure 4-26. Damage to a Hardwood by Curculionids also known as Snout Beetles or Wood Boring Weevils
• Prevention and Control
• Figure 4-27. Scolytid or Bark Beetle Damage to Ash
• Figure 4-28. Ambrosia Beetle or Columbian Timber Borer Damage to Soft Maple
• Table 4-5. Schedule for Heat Treating Wood to Control Damage by Powderpost Beetles
• Carpenter Bees
• Figure 4-29. Carpenter Bee Damage in Redwood Showing a Single Entry Hole
• Marine Borers
• Figure 4-30. Extensive Damage to a Wooden Waterfront Structure from Marine Borers (Limnoria)
• Figure 4-31. Distribution of Marine Borers in the United States
• Mollusca
• Figure 4-32. Shipworm Damage
• Crustacea
• Sphaeroma
• Figure 4-33. Sphaeroma and Associated Damage
• Chapter 5. Preservation of New Wood Products to Prevent Deacy and Insect Attack
• Treatment Quality
• Figure 5-1. Deep Checks or Cracks in Treated Sapwood have Allowed a Fungus to Penetrate
• Treating Methods
• Figure 5-2. Incising Improves the Treatability of Refractory Woods such as Douglas-Fir
• Figure 5-3. Typical Treating Cylinder with Charge Ready for Processing
• Preservative Chemicals
• Water Borne Preservatives
• Exposure Of Untreated Wood
• Table 5-1. Wood Products and Usage, Preservative Types and Retentions, and Applicable Standards
• Table 5-1. Wood Products and Usage, Preservative Types and Retentions, and Applicable Standards -Cont.
• Table 5-1. Wood Products and Usage, Preservative Types and Retentions, and Applicable Standards -Cont.
• Table 5-1. Wood Products and Usage, Preservative Types and Retentions, and Applicable Standards -Cont.
• Table 5-1. Wood Products and Usage, Preservative Types and Retentions, and Applicable Standards -Cont.
• Table 5-1. Wood Products and Usage, Preservative Types and Retentions, and Applicable Standards -Cont.
• Table 5-1. Wood Products and Usage, Preservative Types and Retentions, and Applicable Standards -Cont.
• Table 5-1. Wood Products and Usage, Preservative Types and Retentions, and Applicable Standards -Cont.
• Acceptable Preservatives
• Handling Precautions
• Pentachlorophenol Pressure-Treated Wood
• Handling Precautions
• Creosote Pressure-Treated Wood
• Disposal Of Chemicals And Containers
• First Aid
• Chapter 6. Quality Management
• Specific Products
• Treatment Specifications
• Figure 6-1. Example of Hammer Marks Used on Poles
• Examples of Treatment Specifications
• Type of Inspections
• Spot Checking Incoming Shipments
• Table 6-1. Brands Used on Forest Products Treated in Accordance
• Table 6-1. Brands Used on Forest Products Treated in Accordance -Cont.
• Figure 6-2. "Quality Certified" Brand that Indicates Compliance with Standards of the National Wood Window
• Figure 6-3. Rendition of Quality Mark Used By the American Wood Preservers Bureau
• Inspection Methods
• Inspection Methods -Cont.
• Figure 6-4. Quality Marks Used by the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau
• Figure 6-5. Replica of Monel Tags used on Marine Piling by AWPB-Certified Inspection Agencies
• Figure 6-6. SPIB Code Used on Marine Piling and Camels
• Lumber, Timbers and Plywood
• Lumber, Timbers and Plywood -Cont.
• Lumber, Timbers and Plywood -Cont.
• Chapter 7. Preventive Maintenance and Remedial Control
• Figure 7-1. In this Well-Treated Southern Pine Pole, only a Small Area in the Center was left Untreated
• Figure 7-2. External or Surface Decay is Most Common at the Ground Line
• Inspection Procedures
• Figure 7-3. Serious Internal Decay has Occurred in this Pole Because Fungi Gained Access from the Woodpecker Damage
• Physical Tests
• Figure 7-4. Boring and Coring Tools: A, Auger-Type Bit used for Extracting Bored Shaving Samples; B, Plug Cutter and Plug Extractor
• Scraping and Pick Devices
• Figure 7-5. Moisture Meter Suitable for Inspection Work
• Biological Tests
• Figure 7-6. A Shell Thickness Indicator is used to Determine the Thickness of the Remaining Shell
• Determination Of Serviceability
•  Internal Void Treatment
• Fumigation
• Reinforcement or Stubbing
• Figure 7-7. A Metal Stub was used to Reinforce this Pole Before it was Removed from Service
• Figure 7-8. Because the End of this Pile was Cut Off after Driving, Untreated Wood was Exposed
• Sacrificial Test Blocks
• Figure 7-9. Untreated and Lightly Treated 2x4's Fastened to an Existing Marine Piling
• Remedial Treatments
• Problems To Be Found
• Inspection Procedures
• Figure 7-10. Schematic Drawing of Typical Wood Bridge Construction Showing Likely Locations where Decay Could Develop
• Crossties
• Section 1. Introduction and Index
• Section 3. Commodities
• Section 4. Analysis Methods
• Section 6. Conversion Factors and Correction Tables
• Section 6. Conversion Factors and Correction Tables -Cont.
• Appendix B Interim Federal Specification
• Other publications
• Other publications -Cont.
• General requirements
• Seasoning
• Quality Assurance Provisions
• Retention
• Retention -Cont.
• Ordering data
• Invitation for bids
• Table 1. Treatment of Sawn Wood Products
• Table 1. Treatment of Sawn Wood Products -Cont.
• Table 1. Treatment of Sawn Wood Products -Cont.
• Table 1. Treatment of Sawn Wood Products -Cont.
• Table 1. Treatment of Sawn Wood Products -Cont.
• Table 1. Treatment of Sawn Wood Products -Cont.
• Table II. Treatment of Round Wood Products
• Table II. Treatment of Round Wood Products -Cont.
• Table II. Treatment of Round Wood Products -Cont.
• Table III. Treatment of Special Wood Products
• Table III. Treatment of Special Wood Products -Cont.
• Table III. Treatment of Special Wood Products -Cont.
• Footnotes for Tables I, II, and III
• Footnotes for Tables I, II, and III -Cont.
• Bibliography
• Bibliography -Cont.
• Bibliography -Cont.
• Bibliography -Cont.
• Bibliography -Cont.
• Index
• Index -Cont.
• Index -Cont.
• Index -Cont.
• Index -Cont.
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Wood Protection