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Blast Resistant Structures
Blast Resistant Structures
Record of Document Changes
Abstract
Foreword
Structural Engineering Design Manuals
Table of Contents
Table of Contents -Cont.
Table of Contents -Cont.
Table of Contents -Cont.
Table of Contents -Cont.
List of Figures
List of Figures -Cont.
List of Tables
List of Tables -Cont.
Section 1. Introduction
Design Philosophy
Structural Analysis and Design
Figure 1. Basic Diffrence Between Static and Dynamic Loads
Single Degree-of-Freedom System
Methods for Predicting Dynamic Response
Phase Plane Solution
Moment Area Method
Figure 4 Acceleration Diagram
Moment Area Method -Cont.
Response Charts
Figure 5 Resistance Function
Figure 6. Load and Resistance Functions
Notation
Notation -Cont.
Section 2. Effects of Explosions
Blast Pressure Output
Table 1.TNT Pressure Equivalents
Unconfined Explosions
Positive Phase p-T Curves
Figure 7 Suggested Pressure Versus Time (P-t) Curves
Partially Vented Explosions
Figure 8 Peak Gas Pressure from a Partially Vented Explosion of TNT in 4-Wall Cubicle
Figure 9 Peak Gas Pressure from a Partially Vented Explosion of Composition B in A 4-Wall Cubicle
Impulse of Gas Pressure
Figure 10. Scaled Impulse of Gas Pressure a Partially Vented Cubicle
Peak Positive Pressure
Figure 11. Design Chart for Vent Area Required to Limit Pressures at Any Range Outside a 4-Wall Cubicle
Figure 12. Design Chart for Vent Area Required to Limit Positive Impulse at Any Range Outside a 4 -Wall Cubicle
Airblast from Underwater Explosions
Figure 13. Envelope Curves for Peak Positive Pressure Outside 3-Wall Cubicles w/out a Roof
Figure 14. Envelope Curves for Maximum Peak Pressure Outside 3-Wall Cubicles
Figure 15 Envelope Curves for Peak Positive Pressure Outside 3-Wall Cubicles with a Roof
Figure 16. Proposed Criteria for Design Loading Inside Fully and Partially Vented Cubicles
Figure 17. Proposed Criteria for Design Loading Outside Fully and Partially Vented Cubicles
External Blast Loads on Structures
Figure 18. Charge Configuration
Figure 19. Airblast From Underwater Explosions XY Fixed of 0.25
Figure 20. Airblast From Underwater Explosions XY Fixed of 1
Figure 21. Airblast From Underwater Explosions XY Fixed of 3
Figure 22. Airblast From Underwater Explosions XY Fixed of 10
Figure 23. Airblast From Underwater Explosions XY Fixed of 20
Figure 24. Airblast From Underwater Explosions XY Fixed of 40
Multiple Explosions
Primary Fragments
Figure 25. Velocity of Primary Fragments for Cylindrical Casing
Table 2 Initial Velocity of Primary Fragments
Fragment Mass Distribution
Figure 26. Variation of Primary Fragment Velocity With Distance
Table 3. Explosive Constants
Fragment Mass Distribution -Cont.
Figure 27. Fragment Weight Distribution Relationships
Fragment Mass Distribution -Cont.
Figure 28. Probability Distribution Function of Fragment Weights
Figure 29. M A/B VS. Casing Geometry
Figure 30. Design Fragment Weight VS. Design Confidence Level
Figure 31. Design Fragment Weight VS. Design Confidence Level
Figure 32. (B 2 N T)/C VS. Casing Geometry
Table 4 Design Fragment Weights for Various Design Confidence Levels
Example Problems
Blast Environment Outside Cubicle
Airblast from Underwater Explosions
Primary Fragments from Cased Cylindrical Charges
Primary Fragments from Cased Cylindrical Charges -Cont.
Solution
Notation
Notation -Cont.
Notation -Cont.
Section 3. Beams and Columns in Reinforced Concrete Structures
Static Design Stresses
Dynamic Design of Beams
Static Design Stresses -Cont.
Minimum Flexural Reinforcement
Direct Shear
Torsion
Torsion -Cont.
Torsion -Cont.
Torsion -Cont.
Figure 33. Arrangement of Reinforcement for Combined Flexure and Torsion
Figure 33. Arrangement of Reinforcement for Combined Flexure and Torsion -Cont.
Dynamic Analysis
Figure 34. Resistance-Deflection Function For Beams
Table 5 Ultimate Unit Resistance for Beams
Table 6. Elastic and Elasto-Plastic Unit Resistances for Beams
Table 7 Elastic,Elasto-Plastic and Equivalent Stiffness for Beams
Table 8 General and Ultimate Deflections for Beams
Table 9 Support Shears for Beams
Dynamic Analysis
Table -10. Transformation Factors for Beams
Dynamic Design for Interior Columns
Figure 35. Column Interaction Diagram
Pure Compression
Compression Controls
Figure 36 Typical Interior Column Sections
Tension Controls
Tension Controls -Cont.
Slenderness Ratio
Moment Magnification
Moment Magnification -Cont.
Figure 37.Coefficients for Moment of Inertia of Cracked Section
Dynamic Analysis
Design of Tied Columns
Design of Spiral Columns
Dynamic Design of Exterior Columns
Example Problems
Example Problems -Cont.
Figure 38. Design of Beam in Flexure
Solution
Solution -Cont.
Solution -Cont.
Solution -Cont.
Solution -Cont.
Solution -Cont.
Solution -Cont.
Design of a Beam Subject to Torsion
Design of a Beam Subject to Torsion -Cont.
Design of a Beam Subject to Torsion -Cont.
Design of a Beam Subject to Torsion -Cont.
Design of a Beam Subject to Torsion -Cont.
Design of a Beam Subject to Torsion -Cont.
Figure 39. Design of Beam in Torsion
Design of a Column
Figure 40. Concrete Column Section
Design of a Column -Cont.
Notation
Notation -Cont.
Notation -Cont.
Notation -Cont.
Notation -Cont.
Section 4. Steel Structures
Scope and Related Criteria
Recommended Design Stresses
Beams and Plates
Design for Shear
Local Buckling
Lateral Bracing
Plates
Cold-Formed Steel Elements
Resistance in Shear
Figure 41. Elastic Rebound of Single-Degree-of -Freedom Syste
Resistance in Shear -Cont.
Figure 42. Allowable Dynamic (Design) Shear Stresses for Webs of Cold Formed Members
Table 12 Dynamic Design Shear Stress for Webs of Cold-Formed Members
Table 13. Dynamic Design Shear Stress for Webs of Cold-Formed Members
Table 14. Dynamic Design Shear Stress for Webs of Cold-Formed Members
Columns and Beam Columns
Figure 43. Maximum End Support Reaction for Cold-Formed Steel Sections
Figure 44. Maximum Interior Support Reaction for Cold-Formed Steel Sections
Table 15. Maximum End Support Reaction for Cold-Formed Steel Sections
Table 16. Maximum Interior Support Reaction for Cold-Formed Steel Sections
Table 17. Maximum End Support Reaction for Cold-Formed Steel Sections
Table 18. Maximum Interior Support Reaction for Cold-Formed Steel Sections
Equations
Table 19. Effective Length Ratios for Beam Columns
Table 20. Effective Length Ratios for Beam Columns
Table 21. Effective Length Factors Columns and Beam-Columns
Single-Story Rigid Frames
Table 22 Collapse Mechanisms for Rigid Frames with Fixed and Pinned Bases
Table 23. Dynamic Load Factors (DLF) and Equivalent Static Loads for Trial Design
Sizing of Frame Members
Figure 45. Estimates of Peak Shears and Axial Loads in Rigid Frames Due to Horizontal Loads
Table 24. Stiffness Factors for Single Story, Multi-Bay Rigid Frame Subjected to Uniform Horizontal Loading
Stiffness and Deflection
Single-Story Frames with Supplementary Bracing
Table 25. Collapse Mechanisms for Rigid Frames with Supplementary Bracing and Pinned Bases
Table 26. Collapse Mechanisms for Frames with Supplementary Bracing, Non-Rigid Girder to Column Connections
Loads in Frame Members
Figure 46. Estimates of Peak Shears and Axial Loads in Braced Frames Due to Horizontal Loads
Slenderness Requirements for Diagonal Braces
Connections
Example Problems
Example Problems -Cont.
Figure 48. Beam Configuration and Loading
Example Problems -Cont.
Example Problems -Cont.
Design of Cold-Formed, Light-Gage Steel Panels Subjected to Pressure-Time Loading
Design of Cold-Formed, Light-Gage Steel Panels Subjected to Pressure-Time Loading -Cont.
Figure 49. Pressure Loading and Roof Decking Configuration
Solution
Solution -Cont.
Design of Beam Columns
Solution
Calculation
Design of Single-Story Rigid Frames for Pressure-Time Loading
Solution
Calculation
Figure 50. Preliminary Design of Four-Bay,Single-Story Rigid Frame
Solution -Cont.
Solution -Cont.
Solution -Cont.
Solution -Cont.
Solution -Cont.
Notation
Notation -Cont.
Notation -Cont.
Notation -Cont.
Section 5. Other Structural Materials
Figure 51. Masonry Wall with Flexible Support
Figure 52. Masonry Wall With Rigid Support
Design Criteria for Reinforced Masonry Walls
Figure 53. Concrete Masonry Walls
Figure 54. Typical Joint Reinforced Masonry Construction
Figure 55 Reinforced Vs. Non-Reinforced Masonry Construction
Figure 56. Typical Concrete Masonry Units
Table 27 Properties of Hollow Masonry Units
Dynamic Strength of Material
Ultimate Strength of Reinforced Concrete Masonry Walls
Ultimate Strength of Reinforced Concrete Masonry Walls -Cont.
Table 28. Deflection Criteria for Masonry Walls
Non-Reinforced Masonry Walls
Table 29 Moment of Inertia of Masonry Walls
Figure 57. Connection Details for Rebound and Negative Overpressures
Figure 58. Deflection of Non-Reinforced Masonry Walls
Equation
Non-rigid Supports
Figure 59. Structural Behavior of Non-reinforced Solid Masonry Panel With Rigid Supports
Precast Concrete
Figure 60. Common Precast Elements
Welded Wire Fabric
Figure 61. Typicaal Stress-Strain Curve for High Strength Wire
Equation
Equation
Diagonal Tension and Direct Shear of Prestressed Elements
Rebound
Connections
Column-to-Foundation Connection
Figure 62. Typical Building Cross Section
Figure 63. Typical Wall Panel -To-Roof Slab Connection
Glass
Figure 64. Wall Panel -to-Foundation Connection
Figure 65. Typical Panel Splice
Recommended Design Criteria
Figure 66. Critical Shatter Pressure Vs. Pane Thickness for Plexiglass
Table 30. Recommended Design Criteria for Maximum Blast Pressure Capacity for Glass Mounted in Rigid Window Frames
Recommended Specifications for Blast Resistant Windows
Special Provisions for Pre-Engineered Building
Figure 67. Recommended Pre-Engineered Building Design Loads
Figure 67. Recommended Pre-Engineered Building Design Loads -Cont.
Roof and Wall Coverings
Preparation of Partial Blast Analysis
Blast Evaluation of the Structure
General
Structural Design
Application of Design Loads
Structural Framing
Anchorage
Insulation
Example Problems
Example Problems -Cont.
Figure 68. Example Problem for Design of Masonry Wall
Example Problems -Cont.
Example Problems -Cont.
Design of Precast Prestressed Roof
Solution
Figure 69. Design of Prestressed Precast Roof
Solution
Design of flange section
Design of flange section -Cont.
Design flange for rebound
Calculate new section properties
Calculate stiffness of section
Calculate natural period of vibration
Design for rebound
Design shear reinforcement
Figure 70 Required Reinforcement for Blast Loads
Notation
Notation -Cont.
Notation -Cont.
Section Blast Doors
Solid Steel Plate Door
Figure 71. Steel Plate Blast Door
Example Problems
Figure 72. Built-up Steel Blast Door
Figure 73. Double Leaf Blast Door Installed in A Concrete Structure
Calculation
Figure 74. Pressure Loading and Door Configuration, Example
Solution
Solution -Cont.
Figure 75. Door Plate Hinged on Opposite Sides
Design of a Built-Up Steel Blast Door
Design of a Built-Up Steel Blast Door -cont.
Figure 76. Pressure Loading and Door Configuration
Solution
Solution
Figure 77. Built-Up Cross -Section
Solution
Solution
Design of Door Frame
Figure 78 Cross-Section of Blast Door
Figure 79. Location of Yield Lines on Door Plate
Figure 80. Details of Stiffener Plate
Determine the loads on each hinge during rebound phase
Figure B1. Configuration of Anchor Bars
Notation
Notation -Cont.
Notation -Cont.
Section 7. Foundations
Figure 82. Changes in Distribution of Load on Foundation
Preliminary Design
Figure 83. Cantilever Wall Barrier
Figure 84. Two Wall Barrier
Figure 85. Multi-Cell Barricade
Figure 86. Cantilever Wall Barrier -Estimated Foundation Dimensions
Figure 87. Single Cell Barrier- Estimated Foundation Dimensions
Design Criteria
Ultimate Resisting Moment
Soil-Structure Interaction
Table 32. Soil Properties - Non-Cohesive Soils
Figure 88. Displaced Configuration of Structure at Incipient Overturning
Figure 89. Definition of Overturning Angle
Example Problem
Solution
Solution
Figure 90. Design Parameters -Simple Type Foundation
Figure 91. Free Body Diagrams of Simple Type Foundation Extension for Computation of Peak Shear
Equation
Figure 92. Dimensions of Structure,Design Details of Backwall and Charge Locations
Design strength for building materials
Solution
Solution
Figure 93. Locations of Critical Sections of Foundation Extension for Shear and Bending
Solution
Figure 94. Foundation Extension Design Loadings
Solution
Solution
Notation
Notation -Cont.
Section 8. Computer Programs
Table 34. Capabilities of Computer Programs
Blast- Blast Loading in Blast Cells
BARCS- Dynamic Nonlinear Analysis of Slabs
Singer-Two-Dimensional Inelastic Frames
Bibliography
References
References
References -Cont.
References -Cont.
References -Cont.
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