Utilities Metering

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Utilities Metering

Utilities Metering
Distribution
Abstract
Foreword
List of Effective Pages
Table of Contents
Table of Contents -Cont.
Table of Contents -Cont.
Table of Contents -Cont.
Table of Contents -Cont.
Figures
Figures -Cont.
Tables
Safety Summary
Warnings and Cautions
Warnings
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1. Overview
Total Energy Used
Steam and Fluid Meterinq
Cost Considerations
Potable Water
Section 2. Purpose of This Manual
Section 3. Developing an Energy Management Program
Figure1-1. Flowchart of Energy Management Actions
Minimize Costs
Chapter 2. Developing A Metering Program
Figure 2-1. Iterative Approach to Flowmeter Selection
Figure 2-2. Alternate Factors for Meter Selection
Table 2-1. Characteristics of Flowmeters
Table 2-1. Characteristics of Flowmeters -Cont.
Incremental Installation of Metering Systems
Section 2. Metering Criteria
Meter Location Criteria
Electrical Utilities
Section 3. Maintenance
Figure 2-5. Example of a Maintenance Records Form
Section 4. Recordkeeping
Figure 2-6. Example of Form to Record Meter Data
Section 5. Certification of Purchased Utilities
Utility Procurement Contracts
Section 6. Meter Types
Chapter 3. Concepts of Metering Fluid Flow
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Nonstable Flow
Effect on Installation
Chapter 4. Positive Displacement and Compound Meters
Figure 4-1. Oscillating Piston Meter With Inlet and Outlet Valves
Table 4-1. Operating Characteristics Oscillating Piston and Nutating Disk Meters
Figure 4-2. Operating Cycle, Oscillating Piston Meter
Figure 4-40 Operating Cycle, Nutating Disk Meter
Monthly Inspection
Periodic Inspection
Section 2. Compound Water Meters
Figure 4-5. Double-Register Compound Meter
Figure 4-6. Typical Compound Meter Installation
Monthly Inspection
Periodic Inspection
Section 3. Diaphragm Gas Meters
Figure 4-7. Operating Cycle, Four Chamber Diaphragm Meter
Monthly Inspection
Chapter 5. Differential Pressure Meters
Square-Edged Orifice
Figure 5-2. Orifice Plates
Figure 5-3. Recommended Minimum Pipe Lengths Before and After Differential Pressure Meters
Figure 5-3. Recommended Minimum Pipe Lengths Before and After Differential Pressure Meters -Cont.
Figure 5-3. Recommended Minimum Pipe Lengths Before and After Differential Pressure Meters -Cont.
Figure 5-3. Recommended Minimum Pipe Lengths Before and After Differential Pressure Meters -Cont.
Prefabricated Meter Assemblies
Figure 5-5. Orifice Meter With Corner Taps
Differential Pressure Devices
Electronic
Figure 5-6. Orifice Meter With Radius and Vena Contracta Pipe Taps
Pneumatic
Figure 5-10. Electronic Device
Section 2. Venturi Tubes
Venturi Tube/Orifice Plate Comparison
Annual Maintenance
Data Transmission
Section 3. Pilot Tubes
Figure 5-13. Averaging Pitot Tube
Figure 5-14. Single Hole Pitot Tube With Separate Static Tap
Figure 5-16. Commercial Pitot Tube
Permanent Mounting With Separate Static Tap
Section 4. Variable Annular Orifice Meters
Figure 5-18. Movable Orifice
Accuracy and Reliability
Chapter 6. Velocity Meters
Pressure Losses
Turbine Meter Designs
Figure 6-3. Insertion Turbine Meter
Accuracy and Reliability
Recommended Applications
Recommended Applications
Annual Maintenance
Figure 6-5 Minimum Straight Length Piping for Turbine and Fan Meters
Section 2. Vortex Shedding Meter
Figure 6-6. Vortex Shedding Meter
Installation
Figure 6-7. Minimum Straight Length Piping for Vortex Shedding Meters
Section 3. Electromagnetic Flowmeters
Full-Bore Meters
Figure 6-10. Insertion Electromagnetic Meter
Full-Bore Meter Installation
Insertion Meter Installation
Maintenance
Section 4. Ultrasonic Flowmeters
Time-of-Travel Meter
Meter Choice
Meter Location
Chapter 7. Open Channel Meters
Figure 7-1. Sharp Crested Weir
Figure 7-2. Broad-Crested Weir
Daily Maintenance
Section 2. Flumes
Palmer-Bowlus Flume
Quarterly Maintenance
Section 3. Level Measuring Devices
Figure 7-7.
Figure 7-8.Submerged Probe Level Meter
Table 7-1. Level Meter Selection Guide
Accuracy and Reliability
Section 4. Velocity Modified Flowmeters
Figure 7-9. Velocity Modified Flowmeter
Accuracy and Reliabilty
Chapter 8. Surveying Thermal Fluid Distribution Systems
Chapter 9. Electric Metering
Standards
Section 2. Concepts of Metering Electricity
Common Metering Terms
Total Energy Charges
Power Factor
Figure 9-1. Alternating Current Power
Figure 9-2. Demand Calculation for One Time Interval
Watthour Meters
Figure 9-4. Meter Connection Diagrams
Blondel's Theorem
Section 3. Meters and Support Devices
Watthour Meter Register
Figure 9-6. Meter Registers
Figure 9-7. Meter Nameplate
Voltage Rating
Permanent Kilowatthour Meter
Transformer-Rated Kilowatthour Meters
Figure 9-10. Two-and-one-half Stator Meter in a Three-Phase, Four-Wire Y Circuit
Kilowatthour Meter Reading
Field Testing
Power Survey Recorder
Tape Recorder Meters
Contact Devices
Pulse Initiators
Instrument Transformers
Current Transformer
Electrical Connection
Table 9-1. Full Load Line Amperes for Three Phase Transformers or Loads
Secondary Circuit
Section 4. Meter Installation
Portable Meters
Permanent Meters
Socket-Connected S-Type Meters
Incorrect Wiring
Uncalibrated Meter
Section 5. Electrical Energy Surveys
Figure 9-15. Demand Survey, Phase I
Figure 9-16. Demand Survey, Phase II
Figure 9-17. Demand Survey, Phase 111
Specific Load Profiles
Equipment Load Profiles
Substation and Feeders
System Management
Chapter 10. Instrumentation in Metering
Remote Instrumentation
Remote Interfacing Kilowatt Meters
Figure 10-5. Single Transmission Split in Communication Link
Figure 10-8. Multi-Input System
Demand Billing
Signal Generators
Figure 10-11. Alarm Actuator and Totalizer System
References
Abbreviations
Bibliography
Bibliography -Cont.
Index
Index -Cont.
Index -Cont.
Index -Cont.

Utilities Metering