Grounding, Bonding, and Shielding for Electronic Equipments and Facilities

• Grounding, Bonding, and Shielding for Electronic Equipments and Facilities
• Grounding, Bonding, and Shielding for Electronic Equipments and Facilities -Cont.
• Preface
• Table of Contents
• Table of Contents -Cont.
• Table of Contents -Cont.
• Table of Contents -Cont.
• Table of Contents -Cont.
• Table of Contents -Cont.
• Table of Contents -Cont.
• Table of Contents -Cont.
• Table of Contents -Cont.
• List of Figures
• List of Figures -Cont.
• List of Figures -Cont.
• List of Figures -Cont.
• List of Figures -Cont.
• List of Tables
• Chapter 1. New Facilities Design Criteria
• Determination of Site Parameters (Site Survey)
• Figure 1-1. Measurement of Soil Resistivity
• Figure 1-2. Resistivity Determination of a Small Site
• Geological Effects
• Design Procedure
• Landscape features
• Table 1-1 Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of the Principal Types of Earth Electrodes
• Calculation of Earth Resistance
• Figure l-3. Minimum Earth Electrode Subsystem Configuration for Rectangular Shaped Facility
• Figure 1-4. Nomograph for Determining the Resistance to Earth of a Single Ground Rod (1-1)
• Figure 1-5. Effective Resistance of Ground Rods When Arranged in a Straight Line or a Large Circle
• Figure 1-6. Graph of Multiple-Rod Resistance Ratio (1-2)
• Design Guidelines
• Design Guidelines -Cont.
• Figure 1-7. Electrode Configuration for Irregular Shaped Facility
• Figure l-9. Electrode Configuration for Closely Spaced Structures
• Figure 1-10. Grounding System for Typical Radar Installation
• Figure 1-11. Details of Ground Rod/Earth Electrode Subsystem Installation
• Figure 1-13. Typical Grounding Well Installation
• Figure 1-14. Connections to Earth Electrode Subsystem
• Installation Practices
• Principles of Protection
• Size and Materials
• Figure 1-15. Grounding Practices for Lightning Protection
• Figure 1-16. Location of Air Terminals for Common Roof Types
• Figure 1-17. Location of Air Terminals on Gently Sloping Roofs
• Location
• Figure 1-18. Air Terminal Placement on Flat-Roofed Structures
• Figure 1-19. Graphical Method for Determining Need for Additional Air Terminals
• Figure l-20. Field Expedient Technique for Determining the Protection of Prominent Dormers
• Figure 1-21. Illustration of Method for Determining the Protection of Flat Surfaces as Provided by Air Terminals (l-4)
• Grounding Conductors
• Table 1-2 Minimum Requirements for Roof and Down Conductors on Structures Not Greater than 75 Feet (23 Meters) in Height (1-3)
• Table 1-4. Solid Copper Wire - Weight, Breaking Strength, DC Resistance
• Table 1-4. Solid Copper Wire - Weight, Breaking Strength, DC Resistance -Cont.
• Down Conductors
• Figure 1-23. Recommended Construction Practices for Integral Lightning Protection Systems
• Fasteners
• Figure 1-24. The Protected gone Provided by Two Vertical Masts
• Overhead Ground Wire Type
• Waveguide Installation and Grounding
• Figure 1-26. Waveguide Entry Plate Detail
• Figure 1-27. Grounding Detail for Elliptical Waveguide
• Figure 1-28A. Grounding Details for Elliptical Waveguide
• Figure 1-30. Strap Cutting Detail for Elliptical Waveguide
• Figure 1-31. Typical Communication Cable Entry Installation
• Figure 1-33. Grounding Steps for Cables
• Cable Installation and Grounding
• Minimizing Damage
• Frequency of Transient Occurrence
• Induced transient amplitude
• Figure 1-34. Mean Number of Thunderstorm Days Per Year for the United States
• Table 1-6 Parameter for Direct Lightning Strike Current
• Table 1-7. Peak Currents from Direct Lightning Strikes
• Methods for Transient Protection on AC Service Conductors
• Protection of Underground Cables
• Figure 1-35. Lightning Protection for Underground Cables
• Secondary AC Surge Arrester
• Operating Characteristics of Surge Arresters
• Figure 1-36. Secondary AC Surge Arrester Installation, Grounded Service (Single Building from Single Source)
• Figure 1-37. Secondary AC Surge Arrester Installation, Ungrounded Service
• Table 1-10. Transient Occurrences, Low-Incident Lightning Areas
• Important turn-on time characteristics
• Table 1-11. Generalized Characteristics for Surge Arresters by Type
• Reverse standoff voltage
• Desirable Operating Characteristics for Transient Suppressors
• Table 1-12. Typical Maximum Clamp Voltage for Spark Gap Arresters
• Figure 1-38. Typical Operating Curve for Two Series of Gas-Filled Spark Gap Arresters with Nonlinear Series Resistor
• Table 1-14. High Energy ZNR Surge Arrester Typical Characteristics
• Table 1-15. Test Results for Parallel-Connected ZNR
• Hybrid type arresters
• Transient Protection for Externally Exposed Equipment Lines
• Equipment Withstand Levels
• Transient Suppression
• Figure l-40. Typical Transient Suppressor Installation, Facility and Equipment Level
• Operating Characteristics of Transient Suppressors
•  Coaxial Cable Shield Connection Through an Entrance Plate
• Transient Suppression for RF Coaxial Line
• Transient Protection
• Transient Definition
• Determination of Equipment Damage (Withstand) Levels
• Determination of Need for Transient Protection
• AC Power Input
• Components
• Figure 1-41. Typical Configuration for Protection of Equipment From Conducted Powerline Surges and Transients (Neutral Grounded)
• Figure 1-42. Typical Configuration for Protection of Equipment from Conducted Powerline Surges and Transients (Ungrounded)
• Functional characteristics
• Landline Transient Suppression
• Control, status, intrafacility power, and audio landlines
• Control, status, intrafacility power, and audio landlines -Cont.
• Figure 1-43. Typical Configuration for Protection of Equipment from Conducted Landline Transients
• Grounding for suppression components/circuits
• Transient suppression for lines in metal conduit
• Figure 1-44. Transient Suppression for Coaxial Lines (DC To 3 MHz)
• Figure 1-45. Transient Suppression for Twinaxial Lines (DC To 3 MHz)
• RF coaxial lines (above 3 MHz)
• Corrosion Control
• Physical Protection
• Configuration of the Equipment Fault Protection Subsystem
• Figure 1-46. Typical Equipment Fault Protection Subsystem
• Pipes and Tubes
• Cable Trays
• Power Distribution Systems
• MIL-STD-188-124A and NEC Compliance Inspection
• Separately derived power sources
• Table 1-20. Grounding Electrode Conductor Size
• Power transfer and bypass switches
• Wireways, raceways, cable trays
• Table 1-21. Equipment Grounding Conductor Size Requirement
•  Correction of Deficiencies
• Figure 1-47. Method for Determining the Existence of Improper Neutral Ground Connections
• Higher Frequency Network
• Figure 1-49. Typical Equipotential Ground Plane for Multi-Deck Building
• Figure 1-50. Typical Building Floor Plan (Top View)
• Figure 1-51. Typical Multi-Deck Building Plan (Side View)
• Multipoint Ground System
• Table 1-22 Size of Equipment Ground Cables
• Copper Grid Embedded in Concrete
• Figure 1-52. Elements of the Facility Ground System (with Grid)
• Raised (Computer) Flooring
• Figure 1-54. Ground Connector for Equipotential Plane in Concrete
• Figure 1-56. Examples of Cable to Bar Ground Connectors
• Bolted-Grid (Stringer) or Rigid Grid System Raised Floors
• Figure 1-58.Rigid Grid Floor System Details
• Figure 1-59. Example of Rigid-Grid to Pedestal Bolted Connection
• Figure l-60. Example of Rigid-Grid to Pedestal Clamped Connection
• Figure 1-61. Example of Unacceptable Grid-to-Pedestal Bonding
• Equipment Cabinet Grounding
• Figure 1-63. Example of Pedestal-Only Floor Construction
• Figure 1-64. Typical Equipment Cabinet Grounding Detail
• Grounding Philosophy for Equipments Processing National Security Related Information (Red/Black Equipments)
• Figure 1-65. Typical RED/BLACK Signal Reference Subsystem (High Level Signals)
• Figure 1-66. Typical Red Signal, Shield Ground, Bus Distribution System
• Figure 1-67. Typical Intermediate Distribution Frame (Shield Ground Bus in Distribution Frames)
• Figure 1-68. Typical Intermediate Distribution Frame (Data Concentrator Frame Installation)
• Figure l-69. Facility Power and AC Ground Distribution
• Application Guidelines
• Table 1-23 Minimum Torque Requirements for Bolted Bonds
• Figure l-70. Order of Assembly for Bolted Connection
• Bond Protection Code
• Table 1-25 Bond Protection Requirements
• Table 1-26 Protective Finishes for Bond Members
• Table 1-26 Protective Finishes for Bond Members -Cont.
• Jumper Fasteners
• Figure 1-72. Bonding of Equipment Cabinets to Cable Tray
• Tubing and Conduit
• Figure 1-75. Connection of Bonding Jumpers to Flat Surface
• Figure l-76. Bolted Bond Between Flat Bars
• Figure 1-78. Use of Bonding Straps for Structural Steel Interconnections
• Figure 1-80. Connection of Earth Electrode Riser to Structural Column
• Establishing Requirements
• Figure 1-82. Measured Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of a Typical Building at 45 Feet Inside Outer Wall (1-12)
• Figure 1-83. Shielding Effectiveness of Rebars (1-13)
• Table 1-28 Attenuation Correction Factors for Reinforcing Steel (1-14)
• Figure 1-84. Shielding Effectiveness of a Grid as a Function of Wire Diameter, Wire Spacing, and Wavelength (1-15)
• Design Guidelines
• Selection of Materials
• Figure 1-85. Shield Absorption Loss Nomograph (1-17)
• Construction Guidelines
• Table 1-29 Relative Conductivity and Relative Permeability of Common Metals
• Table 1-29 Relative Conductivity and Relative Permeability of Common Metals -Cont.
• Figure 1-86. Nomograph for Determining Magnetic Field Reflection Loss (1-17)
• Figure l-87. Nomograph for Determining Electric Field Reflection Loss (1-17)
• Figure l-88. Nomograph for Determining Plane Wave Reflection Loss (1-17)
• Figure l-90. Shielding Effectiveness of Copper Foil Shielded Room (1-18)
• Figure l-92. Good Corner Seam Design
• Figure 1-93. Pressure Drop Though Various Materials Used to Shield Ventilation Openings
• Design Practices
• Instrumentation Considerations
• EMP Shield Applications
• Figure l-94. Typical Single-Point Entry for Exterior Penetrations (Top View)
• Figure l-95. Entry Plate Showing Rigid Cable, Conduit, and Pipe Penetrations
• Construction Guidelines
• General Tactical Grounding Requirements
• Soil Resistance
• Table l-30. Soil Resistivity (ohm-m)
• Figure 1-96. Effect of Rod Length on Ground Resistance
• Figure 1-97. Grounding of 120/20 V 3-Phase,4-Wire Wye Power Distribution System
• Terminal Protection Devices
• Figure l-98. Grounding of Single-Phase, 3-Wire 110/220V Power System
• Figure l-99. Grounding of 28V DC P-Wire DC Power System
• Detailed Tactical Grounding Requirements
• Training
• Stand-Alone Shelter
• Collocated Shelters
• Figure l-100. Connecting Ground Subsystems for Collocated Shelters Greater than 20 Feet Apart
• Fixed Prefabricated Shelters
• Fences
• Figure l-101. Method of Grounding a Fence
• Earth Electrode Subsystem
• Lightning Protection Network
• Bonds and Bonding
• Earth Electrode Subsystem
• Lighting Protection Network
• Lighting Protection Network -Cont.
• Bonding
• References
• References -Cont.
• Chapter 2 Existing Facilities
• Figure 2-1. Transmitter Building
• Figure 2-2. Communication Center/Receiver Building Expansion
• Facility Survey
• Earth Electrode Subsystem
• Earth Electrode Subsystem -Cont.
• Figure 2-3. Earth Resistance Measurement at a Typical Facility
• Figure 2-4. Resistance Measurement Work Sheet
• Figure 2-5. Sample of a Completed Resistance Measurement Work Sheet
• Bonds and Bonding
• Figure 2-6. Typical Bonding Deficiencies
• Figure 2-7. Typical Bonding Deficiencies
• Lightning Protection Network
• Figure 2-8. Severely Damaged Down Conductor
• Figure 2-9. Method for Determining the Existence of Improper Neutral Ground Connections
• Safety Grounding
• Signal Grounding Practices
• Figure 2-11. Typical Bond Resistance and Stray Current Measurement Locations in an Electronic Facility
• Shielding
• Ground System Noise Current
• Figure 2-12. Bond Resistance Measurement Technique
• Differential Noise Voltage
• Figure 2-14. Oscilloscope Connections for Measuring Voltage Levels on Ground Systems
• Earth Electrode Subsystem
• Earth Electrode Subsystem -Cont.
• Bonds
• Lighting Protection Subsystem
• Lighting Protection Subsystem -Cont.
• Fault Protection Subsystem
• Fault Protection Subsystem -Cont.
• Signal Reference Subsystem Grounding
• Noise and Current Levels
• Guidelines for Upgrading
• Guidelines for Upgrading -Cont.
• Expansion of Existing Facilities
• Schedules and Records
• Figure 2-15. Example of Equipotential or Multipoint Grounding
• Figure 2-16. Major Discrepancy Report Form
• Facility Maintenance Procedure (Earth Electrode Subsystem).
• Procedure
• Facility Maintenance Procedure (Lightning Protection Subsystem)
• Facility Maintenance Procedure (Bonding)
• Facility Maintenance Procedure (Fault Protection Subsystem (Safety Ground)
• Facility Maintenance Procedure (Signal Reference Subsystem (Signal Grounding)
• Facility Maintenance Procedure (Shielding)
• Facility Maintenance Report
• Inspection Checklist
• Lighting Protection Subsystem
• Inspection Checklist
• Bonding
• Fault Protection Subsystem (Safety Ground)
• Signal Reference Subsystem Grounding
• Facility Shielding (Designated IF Barrier)
• Performance Evaluation Program
• Performance Evaluation Program Grounding ,Bonding, Shielding
• Performance Evaluation Program Grounding ,Bonding, Shielding -Cont.
• Performance Evaluation Program Grounding ,Bonding, Shielding -Cont.
• Performance Evaluation Program Grounding ,Bonding, Shielding -Cont.
• Existing Facilities
• Signal Reference Subsystem
• Grounding Precautions
• Figure 2-17. Typical Multiple Area Ground Distribution (OLD RED/BLACK CRITERIA)
• Figure 2-18. Typical Signal, Shield Ground, Bus Distribution System for Single-Point Ground (OLD RED/BLACK CRITERIA)
• Figure 2-19. Crypto Equipment Grounds (OLD RED/BLACK CRITERIA)
• Figure 2-20. Typical Facility Ground System (OLD RED/BLACK CRITERIA)
• Chapter 3 Design Criteria
• Lower Frequency Equipment
• Figure 3-1. Grounding in Lower Frequency Equipment
• Signal Interfacing
• Figure 3-2. Lower Frequency Signal Ground Bus Bar Installation in Rack or Cabinet
• Shield Grounding (Black Only)
• Figure 3-3. Use of Balanced Lines to Avoid Ground Loops
• Figure 3-4. Effect of an Unbalanced Cable on the Single-Point Ground
• Figure 3-5. Effect of Arbitrarily Grounding the Source End of Unbalanced Equipment Interconnecting Cables
• Figure 3-6. Method of Grounding the Individual Shields on Long Lower Frequency Shield Cables
• Figure 3-7. Grounding of Overall Cable Shields to Connectors
• Higher Frequency Equipment
• Signal Interfaces
• Equipments Containing Both Lower and Higher Frequency Circuits
• Figure 3-10. Grounding Practices in Equipments Containing Both Higher Frequency and Lower Frequency Circuits
• Cabinet Grounding
• Figure 3-11. Typical Equipment Cabinet Grounding Detail
• Bonding Practices
• Figure 3-12. Acceptable and Unacceptable Uses of Bonding Jumpers
• Bonding Practices -Cont.
• Figure 3-14. Bonding of Equipment to Mounting Surface
• Figure 3-16. Bonding of Rack-Mounted Equipments Employing Dagger Pins
• Figure 3-17 Recommended Practices for Effective Bonding in Cabinets
• Figure 3-19. Bonding of Connector to Mounting Surface
• Shielding Guidelines
• Layout and Construction
• Equipment Enclosures
• Penetrations and Apertures
• Figure 3-21. Mounting of Gasket on Hinged Side of Equipment Doors and Panels
• Table 3-1 Frequency Properties of Standard Sizes of Honeycomb
• Figure 3-22. Illustration of Proper and Improper Shield Penetrations
• Figure 3-23. Use of Cylindrical Waveguide-Below-Cutoff for Control Shaft Shield Penetration
• Figure 3-25. Acceptable Methods of Shielding Panel-Mounted Meters
• Common-Mode Noise Control
• Analog Systems
• Figure 3-27. Grounding Practices for Differential Amplifiers
• Figure 3-28. Method of Grounding Bridge Transducers
• Ungrounded Transducers
• Figure 3-30. Recommended Grounding Practices for Floating Transducers
• Digital Data Systems
• Figure 3-32. Resistive Isolation of Data Channels
• Strip Chart Recorders
• Lower Frequency Equipments
• Lower Frequency Equipments -Cont.
• Figure 3-33. Signal Ground Terminal Isolation Resistance Test for an Individual Equipment
• Figure 3-34. Signal Ground Terminal Isolation Resistance Test for an Equipment Assembly
• Higher Frequency Equipments
• Figure 3-35. Measurement of Connector Bonding Resistance
• Shielding
• Instrumentation System
• Signal Grounding
• Installed Equipments
• Shielding
• Other Observations
• Chapter 4 Notes
• Appendix A Glossary
• Appendix A Glossary -Cont.
• Appendix A Glossary -Cont.
• Appendix A Glossary -Cont.
• Appendix A Glossary -Cont.
• Appendix A Glossary -Cont.
• Appendix B Supplemental Bibliography
• Appendix B Supplemental Bibliography -Cont.
• Appendix B Supplemental Bibliography -Cont.
• Appendix B Supplemental Bibliography -Cont.
• Appendix B Supplemental Bibliography -Cont.
• Appendix B Supplemental Bibliography -Cont.
• Appendix B Supplemental Bibliography -Cont.
• Appendix B Supplemental Bibliography -Cont.
• Appendix B Supplemental Bibliography -Cont.
• Appendix B Supplemental Bibliography -Cont.
• Appendix B Supplemental Bibliography -Cont.
• Appendix B Supplemental Bibliography -Cont.
• Appendix B Supplemental Bibliography -Cont.
• Appendix B Supplemental Bibliography -Cont.
• Appendix B Supplemental Bibliography -Cont.
• Appendix B Supplemental Bibliography -Cont.
• Appendix C Table of Contents for Volume I
• Appendix C Table of Contents for Volume I -Cont.
• Appendix C Table of Contents for Volume I -Cont.
• Appendix C Table of Contents for Volume I -Cont.
• Appendix C Table of Contents for Volume I -Cont.
• Appendix C Table of Contents for Volume I -Cont.
• Appendix C Table of Contents for Volume I -Cont.
• Appendix C Table of Contents for Volume I -Cont.
• Appendix C Table of Contents for Volume I -Cont.
• Appendix D Index
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Appendix D Index -Cont.
• Blank Page
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Grounding, Bonding, and Shielding for Electronic Equipments and Facilities